How to develop Projects (OLP) Using PHP and Mysql Part 12

Rashmi Mishra
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How to develop Projects (OLP) 

Using PHP and Mysql 

Part 12


Next Module: Student Performance Analytics

🎯 Purpose:
To provide students and instructors with insights into learning progress, quiz performance, and overall course success.

Functionalities to Implement:
For Students:

  • View Performance Reports: Access a summary of their quiz performance, lesson completion, and overall progress.
  • Track Individual Quiz Performance: View scores, correct/incorrect answers, and overall performance per quiz.

For Instructors:

  • Monitor Student Performance: View detailed analytics on student progress, quiz results, and performance across lessons/modules.
  • Generate Reports: Generate detailed reports based on student performance and progress metrics, either per student or for all students in a module.

Suggested File/Folder Structure:

/analytics/
 
├── student_performance.php    # Student performance summary
├── quiz_results.php           # Quiz results per student
├── instructor_dashboard.php   # Instructor’s dashboard for monitoring performance
├── generate_report.php        # Generate detailed performance report

Suggested Database Tables:

1.   student_performance
(Stores performance summary for each student.)


CREATE TABLE student_performance (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    module_id INT NOT NULL,
    completed_lessons INT DEFAULT 0,
    total_lessons INT NOT NULL,
    quiz_score DECIMAL(5, 2) DEFAULT 0.00,  -- Average score across quizzes
    progress_percentage DECIMAL(5, 2) NOT NULL,  
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (module_id) REFERENCES modules(id)
);

2.   quiz_scores
(Stores scores for each quiz attempt.)


CREATE TABLE quiz_scores (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    quiz_id INT NOT NULL,
    score DECIMAL(5, 2) NOT NULL,
    attempted_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (quiz_id) REFERENCES quizzes(id)
);

3.   performance_reports
(Stores generated performance reports.)

CREATE TABLE performance_reports (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    report_data TEXT,
    generated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id)
);

Suggested Logic:

1.   Student Performance (student_performance.php)

o   Display the student's overall progress (e.g., percentage of completed lessons, quiz scores).

o   Query student_performance table to get performance metrics for the student.

Example:

$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Assume student_id is stored in session
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student_performance WHERE student_id = ?";
$result = $db->query($sql);
$performance = $result->fetch_assoc();
 
echo "Progress: " . $performance['progress_percentage'] . "%";
echo "Completed Lessons: " . $performance['completed_lessons'] . " / " . $performance['total_lessons'];
echo "Quiz Score: " . $performance['quiz_score'] . "/100";

2.   Quiz Performance (quiz_results.php)

o   Display the student's individual quiz results (correct/incorrect answers, overall score).

o   Query quiz_scores table to retrieve results for the student.

Example:


$quiz_id = $_GET['quiz_id'];  // Get quiz_id from URL or form submission
$sql = "SELECT * FROM quiz_scores WHERE student_id = ? AND quiz_id = ?";
$result = $db->query($sql);
$quiz_result = $result->fetch_assoc();
 
echo "Score: " . $quiz_result['score'] . "/100";

3.   Instructor Dashboard (instructor_dashboard.php)

o   Display an overview of all students’ progress in a module/course.

o   Provide the ability to drill down into individual students’ performance.

o   Query student_performance table to retrieve summary data for all students.

Example:


$sql = "SELECT student_id, progress_percentage, quiz_score FROM student_performance WHERE module_id = ?";
$result = $db->query($sql);
 
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
    echo "Student ID: " . $row['student_id'] . " Progress: " . $row['progress_percentage'] . "% Quiz Score: " . $row['quiz_score'] . "<br>";
}

4.   Generate Performance Report (generate_report.php)

o   Allow instructors to generate detailed reports for specific students or for the entire class.

o   Store the report in performance_reports table.

Example:

$student_id = $_GET['student_id'];
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student_performance WHERE student_id = ?";
$result = $db->query($sql);
$student_performance = $result->fetch_assoc();
 
$report_data = "Student ID: " . $student_performance['student_id'] . "\n";
$report_data .= "Progress: " . $student_performance['progress_percentage'] . "%\n";
$report_data .= "Completed Lessons: " . $student_performance['completed_lessons'] . "\n";
$report_data .= "Quiz Score: " . $student_performance['quiz_score'] . "\n";
 
// Insert the report into the database
$sql_insert = "INSERT INTO performance_reports (student_id, report_data) VALUES (?, ?)";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql_insert);
$stmt->bind_param("is", $student_id, $report_data);
$stmt->execute();

Sample Queries:

1.   Fetch Student’s Performance Summary


SELECT completed_lessons, total_lessons, quiz_score, progress_percentage FROM student_performance WHERE student_id = ? AND module_id = ?;

2.   Fetch Quiz Score for a Student

SELECT score FROM quiz_scores WHERE student_id = ? AND quiz_id = ?;

3.   Generate Performance Report for a Student


INSERT INTO performance_reports (student_id, report_data) VALUES (?, ?);

Next Steps:

  • Implement Performance Tracking Logic: Build the queries to calculate and display performance, then integrate them into the frontend.
  • Frontend Design: Create the UI to display performance summaries and individual quiz results.
  • Testing: Test the performance analytics for various user roles (students and instructors), ensuring that the data is accurate.

Next Module: Course Completion and Certification

🎯 Purpose:
To allow students to complete the course and receive a certificate upon successful completion. This module should handle marking the course as finished and generating a certificate for the student.

Functionalities to Implement:
For Students:

  • Complete Course: Mark the course as completed when all lessons are finished.
  • Download Certificate: Generate and download a certificate of completion once the course is complete.

For Instructors:

  • Approve Completion: Optionally, instructors can approve or manually mark a course as completed for a student.
  • Generate Certificates: Instructors can generate certificates for students who have completed the course.

Suggested File/Folder Structure:

/certificate/
 
├── complete_course.php        # Marks the course as completed for the student
├── certificate_template.php   # Template for the course completion certificate
├── generate_certificate.php   # Generates and allows downloading of the certificate
├── instructor_approve.php     # Allows instructors to approve course completion for students

Suggested Database Tables:

1.   course_completions
(Tracks whether a student has completed the course or is still in progress.)


CREATE TABLE course_completions (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    completed_at TIMESTAMP NULL,
    certificate_downloaded BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id)
);

2.   certificates
(Stores generated certificates for students.)


CREATE TABLE certificates (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    certificate_url VARCHAR(255),
    generated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id)
);

Suggested Logic:

1.   Complete Course (complete_course.php)

o   Marks the course as completed when all lessons are finished and updates the course_completions table.

Example:


$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id']; // Assume student ID is stored in session
$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];  // Assume course ID is passed in the URL
 
// Check if all lessons are completed
$sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS completed_lessons FROM lesson_progress WHERE student_id = ? AND course_id = ? AND status = 'Completed'";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("ii", $student_id, $course_id);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();
$row = $result->fetch_assoc();
 
// If all lessons are completed
$total_lessons = getTotalLessonsForCourse($course_id);  // Custom function to fetch total lessons for the course
if ($row['completed_lessons'] == $total_lessons) {
    // Update course completion status
    $update_sql = "UPDATE course_completions SET completed_at = NOW() WHERE student_id = ? AND course_id = ?";
    $stmt = $db->prepare($update_sql);
    $stmt->bind_param("ii", $student_id, $course_id);
    $stmt->execute();
 
    echo "Course completed! You can now download your certificate.";
} else {
    echo "Please complete all lessons to finish the course.";
}

2.   Generate Certificate (generate_certificate.php)

o   Generates a certificate for the student and allows them to download it once they have completed the course.

o   You can create a certificate template using HTML/CSS or a PDF library (like TCPDF or FPDF) to generate a downloadable certificate.

Example (HTML template for certificate):


$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];
$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];
 
// Check if the student has completed the course
$sql = "SELECT * FROM course_completions WHERE student_id = ? AND course_id = ? AND completed_at IS NOT NULL";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("ii", $student_id, $course_id);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
    // Fetch student and course data
    $student_data = getStudentData($student_id);  // Custom function to get student details
    $course_data = getCourseData($course_id);  // Custom function to get course details
 
    // Generate certificate (you can use a PDF library for this)
    $certificate_data = "<h1>Certificate of Completion</h1>";
    $certificate_data .= "<p>This is to certify that <b>" . $student_data['name'] . "</b> has successfully completed the course <b>" . $course_data['title'] . "</b>.</p>";
    $certificate_data .= "<p>Completed on: " . date("F j, Y") . "</p>";
 
    // Save certificate details in the database
    $certificate_url = saveCertificate($student_id, $course_id, $certificate_data);  // Custom function to save certificate
    echo "<a href='" . $certificate_url . "'>Download your certificate</a>";
} else {
    echo "You must complete the course before downloading your certificate.";
}

3.   Instructor Approve Completion (instructor_approve.php)

o   Allows instructors to manually approve or mark a course as completed for a student if necessary.

o   Optionally, this could trigger a notification to the student once approved.

Example:

$student_id = $_GET['student_id'];
$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];
 
// Check if the instructor has the permission to approve
if (isInstructor($user_id)) {  // Custom function to check instructor's role
    $sql = "UPDATE course_completions SET completed_at = NOW() WHERE student_id = ? AND course_id = ?";
    $stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
    $stmt->bind_param("ii", $student_id, $course_id);
    $stmt->execute();
 
    echo "Course marked as completed for the student!";
} else {
    echo "You do not have permission to approve completion for this student.";
}

Next Module: Student Interaction and Feedback

🎯 Purpose:
To allow students to interact with instructors and fellow students through feedback mechanisms, course ratings, and discussion forums. This module will help enhance the learning experience by enabling students to provide feedback on lessons and interact with peers.

Functionalities to Implement:

For Students:

  • Rate Lessons/Courses: Students can rate lessons or the entire course.
  • Provide Feedback: Students can provide textual feedback on individual lessons or the course in general.
  • Discussion Forum: Students can post questions and respond to others’ questions on lessons or course material.

For Instructors:

  • View Feedback: Instructors can view feedback on their lessons and courses.
  • Moderate Forum: Instructors can moderate forum discussions (approve, delete, or respond).
  • Course Rating: Instructors can see the average rating of their course or lessons.

Suggested File/Folder Structure:

/feedback/

 ├── lesson_rating.php          # Page to rate a lesson
├── course_rating.php          # Page to rate the entire course
├── submit_feedback.php        # Submit textual feedback for lessons or course
├── discussion_forum.php       # Discussion forum for lessons
├── view_feedback.php          # Instructors view feedback
├── moderate_forum.php         # Instructors moderate the forum

Suggested Database Tables:

1.   lesson_ratings
(Stores ratings given by students for individual lessons.)


CREATE TABLE lesson_ratings (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    lesson_id INT NOT NULL,
    rating INT NOT NULL,  -- Rating on a scale of 1 to 5
    feedback TEXT,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (lesson_id) REFERENCES lessons(id)
);

2.   course_ratings
(Stores ratings given by students for the entire course.)

CREATE TABLE course_ratings (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    rating INT NOT NULL,  -- Rating on a scale of 1 to 5
    feedback TEXT,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id)
);

3.   discussion_forum
(Stores forum posts and replies for course-related discussions.)

CREATE TABLE discussion_forum (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    post_content TEXT NOT NULL,
    parent_post_id INT NULL,  -- For replies to posts, NULL for original posts
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (parent_post_id) REFERENCES discussion_forum(id)
);

4.   forum_moderation
(Stores moderation actions for posts and comments.)

CREATE TABLE forum_moderation (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    moderator_id INT NOT NULL,
    post_id INT NOT NULL,
    action ENUM('Approved', 'Deleted') NOT NULL,
    action_taken_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (moderator_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (post_id) REFERENCES discussion_forum(id)
);

Suggested Logic:

1.   Rate a Lesson (lesson_rating.php)

o   Allows students to rate a lesson on a scale of 1 to 5 and provide feedback.

Example:

$lesson_id = $_GET['lesson_id'];  // Assume lesson ID is passed in the URL
$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Assume student ID is stored in session
$rating = $_POST['rating'];  // Rating submitted by the student
$feedback = $_POST['feedback'];  // Feedback submitted by the student
 
// Insert rating and feedback into the database
$sql = "INSERT INTO lesson_ratings (student_id, lesson_id, rating, feedback) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("iiis", $student_id, $lesson_id, $rating, $feedback);
$stmt->execute();
 
echo "Thank you for your feedback!";

2.   Rate the Entire Course (course_rating.php)

o   Allows students to rate the entire course on a scale of 1 to 5 and provide feedback.

Example:

$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];  // Assume course ID is passed in the URL
$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Assume student ID is stored in session
$rating = $_POST['rating'];  // Rating submitted by the student
$feedback = $_POST['feedback'];  // Feedback submitted by the student
 
// Insert rating and feedback into the database
$sql = "INSERT INTO course_ratings (student_id, course_id, rating, feedback) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("iiis", $student_id, $course_id, $rating, $feedback);
$stmt->execute();
 
echo "Thank you for your feedback!";

3.   Discussion Forum (discussion_forum.php)

o   Allows students to post questions and responses related to the lessons or course.

Example:

$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];  // Assume course ID is passed in the URL
$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Assume student ID is stored in session
$post_content = $_POST['post_content'];  // Forum post submitted by the student
 
// Insert post into the database
$sql = "INSERT INTO discussion_forum (student_id, course_id, post_content) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("iis", $student_id, $course_id, $post_content);
$stmt->execute();
 
echo "Your post has been submitted!";

4.   Instructor Moderation (moderate_forum.php)

o   Allows instructors to moderate forum posts (approve or delete posts).

Example:

$post_id = $_GET['post_id'];  // Assume post ID is passed in the URL
$action = $_POST['action'];  // Action (approve or delete) submitted by the instructor
$moderator_id = $_SESSION['user_id'];  // Assume instructor's ID is stored in session
 
// Insert moderation action into the database
$sql = "INSERT INTO forum_moderation (moderator_id, post_id, action) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("iis", $moderator_id, $post_id, $action);
$stmt->execute();
 
if ($action == 'Approved') {
    echo "The post has been approved.";
} else {
    echo "The post has been deleted.";
}

Sample Queries:

1.   Retrieve Lesson Ratings

SELECT AVG(rating) AS average_rating FROM lesson_ratings WHERE lesson_id = ?;

2.   Retrieve Course Ratings

SELECT AVG(rating) AS average_rating FROM course_ratings WHERE course_id = ?;

3.   Get Discussion Forum Posts

SELECT * FROM discussion_forum WHERE course_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC;

4.   Get Moderation History

SELECT * FROM forum_moderation WHERE post_id = ?;

Next Module: Certification and Achievement Tracking

🎯 Purpose:
To provide students with certificates upon successful completion of courses and track their achievements across different modules, lessons, and quizzes. This module aims to motivate students by recognizing their progress and accomplishments.

Functionalities to Implement:

For Students:

  • Earn Certificates: Students can earn a certificate upon completing all lessons, quizzes, and assessments within a course/module.
  • View Achievements: Students can view their achievements, including the number of completed lessons, passed quizzes, and certificates earned.

For Instructors:

  • Issue Certificates: Instructors can issue certificates to students after reviewing their progress.
  • Monitor Student Progress: Instructors can monitor how far each student is in completing lessons, quizzes, and their achievements.
  • Customizable Certificates: Instructors can create customizable certificates (e.g., with logos, signatures, course completion details).

Suggested File/Folder Structure:

/certificates/
 
├── issue_certificate.php       # Instructors issue certificates
├── view_certificates.php       # Students view their earned certificates
├── achievement_tracker.php     # Students track their learning achievements
├── generate_certificate.php    # Generate certificate dynamically (PDF or image)

Suggested Database Tables:

1.   certificates
(Stores information about certificates issued to students.)

CREATE TABLE certificates (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    issued_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    certificate_url VARCHAR(255),  -- URL to the certificate (if saved as a file)
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id)
);

2.   student_achievements
(Stores student achievements, such as completed lessons, passed quizzes, etc.)


CREATE TABLE student_achievements (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    course_id INT NOT NULL,
    lesson_id INT NOT NULL,
    achievement_type ENUM('Lesson Completion', 'Quiz Passed') NOT NULL,
    achievement_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (lesson_id) REFERENCES lessons(id)
);

3.   lesson_completion
(Stores information on which lessons are completed by the student.)

CREATE TABLE lesson_completion (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    lesson_id INT NOT NULL,
    completed_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (lesson_id) REFERENCES lessons(id)
);

4.   quiz_results
(Stores quiz results for students.)

CREATE TABLE quiz_results (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    student_id INT NOT NULL,
    quiz_id INT NOT NULL,
    score INT NOT NULL,  -- Score out of total possible points
    passed BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,  -- Whether the student passed the quiz
    completed_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (quiz_id) REFERENCES quizzes(id)
);

Suggested Logic:

1.   Issue Certificate (issue_certificate.php)

o   Allows instructors to issue certificates to students who have completed the course and its associated lessons and quizzes.

Example:

$student_id = $_GET['student_id'];  // Student ID passed in the URL
$course_id = $_GET['course_id'];  // Course ID passed in the URL
$completion_check = checkStudentCompletion($student_id, $course_id);  // Check if student completed all lessons and quizzes
 
if ($completion_check) {
    // Generate a certificate (could be a PDF or an image)
    $certificate_url = generateCertificate($student_id, $course_id);
    // Insert certificate information into the database
    $sql = "INSERT INTO certificates (student_id, course_id, certificate_url) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
    $stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
    $stmt->bind_param("iis", $student_id, $course_id, $certificate_url);
    $stmt->execute();
    echo "Certificate issued successfully!";
} else {
    echo "Student has not completed all required lessons or quizzes.";
}
 
function checkStudentCompletion($student_id, $course_id) {
    // Logic to check if the student has completed all lessons and quizzes
    // This can involve checking the lesson_completion and quiz_results tables
    return true;  // Simplified for this example
}

2.   View Certificates (view_certificates.php)

o   Allows students to view their certificates if they have earned any.

Example:


$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Student's ID from session
$sql = "SELECT * FROM certificates WHERE student_id = ?";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("i", $student_id);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();
 
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
    while ($certificate = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
        echo "Certificate for Course ID: " . $certificate['course_id'] . " - <a href='" . $certificate['certificate_url'] . "'>View Certificate</a><br>";
    }
} else {
    echo "No certificates found.";
}

3.   Track Achievements (achievement_tracker.php)

o   Allows students to track their achievements, such as lesson completions and quiz results.

Example:


$student_id = $_SESSION['student_id'];  // Student's ID from session
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student_achievements WHERE student_id = ?";
$stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("i", $student_id);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();
 
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
    while ($achievement = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
        echo "Achievement Type: " . $achievement['achievement_type'] . " - Date: " . $achievement['achievement_date'] . "<br>";
    }
} else {
    echo "No achievements found.";
}

4.   Generate Certificate (generate_certificate.php)

o   Dynamically generate a certificate for the student in PDF or image format (e.g., using libraries like TCPDF or GD).

Example (simplified):


function generateCertificate($student_id, $course_id) {
    $certificate_url = "/certificates/certificate_" . $student_id . "_" . $course_id . ".pdf";
 
    // Generate a PDF certificate using a library like TCPDF
    // Here, we are simulating the PDF generation logic
    $pdf = new TCPDF();
    $pdf->AddPage();
    $pdf->SetFont('helvetica', '', 12);
    $pdf->Write(0, "Certificate of Completion\n\nCourse: " . $course_id . "\nStudent: " . $student_id);
    $pdf->Output($certificate_url, 'F');
 
    return $certificate_url;
}


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