Lecture Notes
Of Class 5
Control Structures
- Part 2
Objective:
- Understand and use loops (for, while, do...while) to perform repetitive tasks.
- Learn loop control techniques using break and continue.
Introduction to Loops
Loops are fundamental
control structures in programming that allow you to repeat a block of code
multiple times. This is useful when you need to perform the same operation on a
collection of data or when an action needs to be repeated a certain number of
times.
1. The for Loop
The for loop is commonly
used when you know in advance how many times you want to execute a statement or
a block of code.
Syntax:
for (initialization;
condition; increment) {
// Code to
be executed
}
Example:
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5;
$i++) {
echo
"Iteration: " . $i . "<br>";
}
?>
Explanation:
- Initialization: $i = 1 sets the loop counter to 1.
- Condition: $i <= 5 ensures the loop runs while $i is less than or equal to 5.
- Increment: $i++ increases the counter by 1 after each iteration.
- Output:
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
Iteration: 3
Iteration: 4
Iteration: 5
2. The while Loop
The while loop is used
when you do not know in advance how many times the loop should run. It
continues to loop as long as a specified condition is true.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
// Code to
be executed
}
Example:
<?php
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 5) {
echo
"Number: " . $i . "<br>";
$i++;
}
?>
Explanation:
- The loop continues to
execute as long as $i is less than or equal to 5.
- The counter $i is
incremented by 1 in each iteration.
- Output:
2. The while Loop
The while loop is used
when you do not know in advance how many times the loop should run. It
continues to loop as long as a specified condition is true.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
// Code to
be executed
}
Example:
<?php
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 5) {
echo
"Number: " . $i . "<br>";
$i++;
}
?>
Explanation:
- The loop continues to execute as long as $i is less than or equal to 5.
- The counter $i is incremented by 1 in each iteration.
- Output:
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4
Number: 5
3. The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is
similar to the while loop, but the condition is checked after the loop has
executed. This means that the loop will always run at least once.
Syntax:
do {
// Code to
be executed
} while (condition);
Example:
<?php
$i = 1;
do {
echo
"Count: " . $i . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 5);
?>
Explanation:
- The code block is
executed once before the condition is tested.
- The loop continues to run
as long as $i is less than or equal to 5.
- Output:
3. The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is
similar to the while loop, but the condition is checked after the loop has
executed. This means that the loop will always run at least once.
Syntax:
do {
// Code to
be executed
} while (condition);
Example:
<?php
$i = 1;
do {
echo
"Count: " . $i . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 5);
?>
Explanation:
- The code block is executed once before the condition is tested.
- The loop continues to run as long as $i is less than or equal to 5.
- Output:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5
4 Loop Control Statements
a) break Statement
The break statement is
used to exit a loop prematurely when a certain condition is met.
Example:
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10;
$i++) {
if ($i ==
6) {
break;
}
echo
"Number: " . $i . "<br>";
}
?>
Explanation:
- The loop stops when $i
reaches 6, so numbers 1 to 5 are displayed.
- Output:
4 Loop Control Statements
a) break Statement
The break statement is
used to exit a loop prematurely when a certain condition is met.
Example:
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10;
$i++) {
if ($i ==
6) {
break;
}
echo
"Number: " . $i . "<br>";
}
?>
Explanation:
- The loop stops when $i reaches 6, so numbers 1 to 5 are displayed.
- Output:
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4
Number: 5
b) continue Statement
The continue statement
skips the rest of the code inside the loop for the current iteration and
proceeds with the next iteration.
Example:
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5;
$i++) {
if ($i ==
3) {
continue;
}
echo
"Iteration: " . $i . "<br>";
}
?>
Explanation:
- The number 3 is skipped,
so the output only includes numbers 1, 2, 4, and 5.
- Output:
b) continue Statement
The continue statement
skips the rest of the code inside the loop for the current iteration and
proceeds with the next iteration.
Example:
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5;
$i++) {
if ($i ==
3) {
continue;
}
echo
"Iteration: " . $i . "<br>";
}
?>
Explanation:
- The number 3 is skipped, so the output only includes numbers 1, 2, 4, and 5.
- Output:
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
Iteration: 4
Iteration: 5
5. Practical Examples and
Exercises
Example 1: Sum of Numbers
Write a PHP script using
a for loop to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 100.
<?php
$sum = 0;
for ($i = 1; $i <=
100; $i++) {
$sum += $i;
}
echo "The sum of
numbers from 1 to 100 is: " . $sum;
?>
Explanation:
This script calculates
the sum by adding each number from 1 to 100 and outputs the total.
Example 2:
Print Even Numbers
Write a PHP script using
a while loop to print all even numbers between 1 and 20.
<?php
$i = 2;
while ($i <= 20) {
echo $i .
"<br>";
$i += 2;
}
?>
Explanation:
This script prints all
even numbers between 1 and 20 by incrementing the counter by 2 in each
iteration.
Example 3:
Multiplication Table
Write a PHP script using
a do...while loop to generate the multiplication table of 5.
<?php
$i = 1;
do {
echo
"5 x " . $i . " = " . (5 * $i) . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 10);
?>
Explanation:
This script generates the
multiplication table of 5 by multiplying 5 with numbers 1 to 10.
Practice Assignment
1: Factorial Calculation
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
calculates the factorial of a given number using a for loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a for loop to
calculate the factorial of the number.
Display the result.
Example output:
Input: 5
Output: Factorial of 5 is
120
Assignment 2:
Sum of Even Numbers
Objective:
Create a PHP script that
calculates the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 using a while loop.
Instructions:
Use a while loop to
iterate through numbers from 1 to 100.
Add only even numbers to
the sum.
Display the final sum.
Output: The
sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 is 2550
Assignment 3:
Reverse a Number
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
reverses a given number using a do...while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a do...while loop to
reverse the digits of the number.
Display the reversed
number.
Input: 12345
Output: The reverse of
12345 is 54321
Assignment 4:
Generate Fibonacci
Sequence
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence using a for loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the value of n.
Use a for loop to
generate the sequence.
Display the Fibonacci
sequence up to n numbers.
Example:
Input: 7
Output:
Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8
Assignment 5:
Prime Number Checker
Objective: Create a PHP
script that checks whether a given number is prime using a while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a while loop to check
if the number has any divisors other than 1 and itself.
If the number is prime,
display "The number is prime"; otherwise, display "The number is
not prime."
Example:
Input: 13
Output: 13 is a prime
number
Assignment 6:
Multiplication Table for
a Range
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
generates multiplication tables for numbers within a given range using nested
for loops.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the starting and ending numbers of the range.
Use nested for loops to
generate and display the multiplication tables for all numbers within the
range.
Example:
Input: Start = 3, End = 5
Output:
Multiplication Table for
3:
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
...
Multiplication Table for
4:
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
...
Multiplication Table for
5:
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
...
Assignment 7:
Sum of Digits
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the sum of the digits of a given number using a
do...while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a do...while loop to
extract each digit and add it to the sum.
Display the sum of the
digits.
Example:
Input: 123
Output: The sum of the
digits of 123 is 6
Assignment 8:
Pattern Printing
Objective: Create a PHP
script that prints a pyramid pattern using nested for loops.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the number of rows for the pyramid.
Use nested for loops to
print the pattern.
Example:
Input: 5
Output:
markdown
Copy code
*
***
*****
*******
*********
Code :
Assignment 1: Factorial
Calculation
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the factorial of a given number using a for loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 5; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize the
factorial variable to 1
$factorial = 1;
// Using a for loop to
calculate the factorial
for ($i = 1; $i <=
$number; $i++) {
$factorial
*= $i; // Multiply the current number to the factorial
}
// Display the result
echo "Factorial of
$number is $factorial";
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with factorial = 1.
Loop: Multiply factorial
by every number from 1 to $number.
Result: The result will
be the product of all numbers from 1 to the given number.
Output: For number = 5,
the output will be Factorial of 5 is 120.
Assignment 2:
Sum of Even Numbers
Objective: Create a PHP
script that calculates the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 using a
while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Initialize variables
$sum = 0;
$i = 2; // Start from the
first even number
// Using a while loop to
calculate the sum of even numbers
while ($i <= 100) {
$sum += $i;
// Add the current even number to the sum
$i += 2; //
Move to the next even number
}
// Display the result
echo "The sum of all
even numbers between 1 and 100 is $sum";
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with i = 2 and sum = 0.
Loop: Add i to sum and
increment i by 2 to get the next even number.
Result: The loop
continues until i exceeds 100.
Output: The output will
be The sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 is 2550.
Assignment 3:
Reverse a Number
Objective: Write a PHP
script that reverses a given number using a do...while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 12345; // You
can replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$reversed = 0;
do {
$digit =
$number % 10; // Extract the last digit
$reversed =
$reversed * 10 + $digit; // Append the digit to the reversed number
$number =
(int)($number / 10); // Remove the last digit from the original number
} while ($number > 0);
// Display the result
echo "The reverse of
the number is $reversed";
?>
Explanation:
Digit Extraction: Use
$number % 10 to get the last digit of the number.
Reversing: Multiply
reversed by 10 and add the extracted digit.
Loop: Continue until all
digits are processed ($number > 0).
Output: For number =
12345, the output will be The reverse of the number is 54321.
Assignment 4: Generate
Fibonacci Sequence
Objective: Write a PHP
script that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence using a for
loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the value of n
$n = 7; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize the first
two Fibonacci numbers
$first = 0;
$second = 1;
// Display the first two
numbers
echo "$first,
$second";
// Using a for loop to
generate the Fibonacci sequence
for ($i = 3; $i <= $n;
$i++) {
$next =
$first + $second; // Calculate the next Fibonacci number
echo
", $next"; // Display the number
// Update
the values of first and second for the next iteration
$first =
$second;
$second =
$next;
}
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with the first two Fibonacci numbers: 0 and 1.
Loop: Calculate the next
number as the sum of the previous two numbers.
Output: For n = 7, the
output will be 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8.
Assignment 5:
Prime Number Checker
Objective:
Create a PHP script that
checks whether a given number is prime using a while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 13; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$isPrime = true;
$i = 2;
while ($i <=
sqrt($number)) { // Only check up to the square root of the number
if ($number
% $i == 0) {
$isPrime = false; // If divisible, it's not prime
break;
}
$i++;
}
// Display the result
if ($isPrime) {
echo
"$number is a prime number";
} else {
echo
"$number is not a prime number";
}
?>
Explanation:
Prime Check: Check
divisibility from 2 to the square root of the number.
Loop: If a divisor is
found, set $isPrime to false and exit the loop.
Output: For number = 13,
the output will be 13 is a prime number.
Assignment 6:
Multiplication Table for
a Range
Objective: Write a PHP
script that generates multiplication tables for numbers within a given range
using nested for loops.
Code:
y code
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the range
$start = 3; // Start of
the range
$end = 5; // End of the
range
// Outer loop for each
number in the range
for ($i = $start; $i
<= $end; $i++) {
echo
"Multiplication Table for $i:<br>";
//
Inner loop for generating the multiplication table
for ($j =
1; $j <= 10; $j++) {
echo "$i x $j = " . ($i * $j) . "<br>";
}
echo
"<br>"; // Add a line break between tables
}
?>
Explanation:
Outer Loop: Iterate
through each number in the given range.
Inner Loop: Generate the
multiplication table for each number up to 10.
Output: For a range of 3
to 5, the script will output the multiplication tables for 3, 4, and 5.
Assignment 7:
Sum of Digits
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the sum of the digits of a given number using a
do...while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 123; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$sum = 0;
do {
$digit =
$number % 10; // Extract the last digit
$sum +=
$digit; // Add the digit to the sum
$number =
(int)($number / 10); // Remove the last digit from the original number
} while ($number > 0);
// Display the result
echo "The sum of the
digits is $sum";
?>
Explanation:
Digit Extraction: Use
$number % 10 to get the last digit of the number.
Summing: Add each
extracted digit to sum.
Loop: Continue until all
digits are processed ($number > 0).
Output: For number = 123,
the output will be The sum of the digits is 6.
Assignment 8:
Pattern Printing
Objective: Create a PHP
script that prints a pyramid pattern using nested for loops.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the number of rows
$rows = 5; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Outer loop for each
row
for ($i = 1; $i <=
$rows; $i++) {
// Print
leading spaces
for ($j =
$i; $j < $rows; $j++) {
echo " "; // Add spaces for alignment
}
// Print
stars
for ($j =
1; $j <= (2 * $i - 1); $j++) {
echo "*";
}
echo
"<br>"; // Move to the next line after each row
}
?>
Explanation:
Outer Loop: Iterate
through each row of the pyramid.
Leading Spaces: Use the
first inner loop to add spaces for alignment.
Stars: Use the second
inner loop to print the stars in each row.
Output: For rows = 5, the
script will print a pyramid pattern like this:
markdown
Copy code
*
***
*****
*******
*********
5. Practical Examples and
Exercises
Example 1: Sum of Numbers
Write a PHP script using
a for loop to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 100.
<?php
$sum = 0;
for ($i = 1; $i <=
100; $i++) {
$sum += $i;
}
echo "The sum of
numbers from 1 to 100 is: " . $sum;
?>
Explanation:
This script calculates
the sum by adding each number from 1 to 100 and outputs the total.
Example 2:
Print Even Numbers
Write a PHP script using
a while loop to print all even numbers between 1 and 20.
<?php
$i = 2;
while ($i <= 20) {
echo $i .
"<br>";
$i += 2;
}
?>
Explanation:
This script prints all
even numbers between 1 and 20 by incrementing the counter by 2 in each
iteration.
Example 3:
Multiplication Table
Write a PHP script using
a do...while loop to generate the multiplication table of 5.
<?php
$i = 1;
do {
echo
"5 x " . $i . " = " . (5 * $i) . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 10);
?>
Explanation:
This script generates the
multiplication table of 5 by multiplying 5 with numbers 1 to 10.
Practice Assignment
1: Factorial Calculation
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
calculates the factorial of a given number using a for loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a for loop to
calculate the factorial of the number.
Display the result.
Example output:
Input: 5
Output: Factorial of 5 is
120
Assignment 2:
Sum of Even Numbers
Objective:
Create a PHP script that
calculates the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 using a while loop.
Instructions:
Use a while loop to
iterate through numbers from 1 to 100.
Add only even numbers to
the sum.
Display the final sum.
Output: The
sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 is 2550
Assignment 3:
Reverse a Number
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
reverses a given number using a do...while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a do...while loop to
reverse the digits of the number.
Display the reversed
number.
Input: 12345
Output: The reverse of
12345 is 54321
Assignment 4:
Generate Fibonacci
Sequence
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence using a for loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the value of n.
Use a for loop to
generate the sequence.
Display the Fibonacci
sequence up to n numbers.
Example:
Input: 7
Output:
Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8
Assignment 5:
Prime Number Checker
Objective: Create a PHP
script that checks whether a given number is prime using a while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a while loop to check
if the number has any divisors other than 1 and itself.
If the number is prime,
display "The number is prime"; otherwise, display "The number is
not prime."
Example:
Input: 13
Output: 13 is a prime
number
Assignment 6:
Multiplication Table for
a Range
Objective:
Write a PHP script that
generates multiplication tables for numbers within a given range using nested
for loops.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the starting and ending numbers of the range.
Use nested for loops to
generate and display the multiplication tables for all numbers within the
range.
Example:
Input: Start = 3, End = 5
Output:
Multiplication Table for
3:
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
...
Multiplication Table for
4:
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
...
Multiplication Table for
5:
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
...
Assignment 7:
Sum of Digits
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the sum of the digits of a given number using a
do...while loop.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter a number.
Use a do...while loop to
extract each digit and add it to the sum.
Display the sum of the
digits.
Example:
Input: 123
Output: The sum of the
digits of 123 is 6
Assignment 8:
Pattern Printing
Objective: Create a PHP
script that prints a pyramid pattern using nested for loops.
Instructions:
The script should prompt
the user to enter the number of rows for the pyramid.
Use nested for loops to
print the pattern.
Example:
Input: 5
Output:
markdown
Copy code
*
***
*****
*******
*********
Code :
Assignment 1: Factorial
Calculation
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the factorial of a given number using a for loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 5; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize the
factorial variable to 1
$factorial = 1;
// Using a for loop to
calculate the factorial
for ($i = 1; $i <=
$number; $i++) {
$factorial
*= $i; // Multiply the current number to the factorial
}
// Display the result
echo "Factorial of
$number is $factorial";
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with factorial = 1.
Loop: Multiply factorial
by every number from 1 to $number.
Result: The result will
be the product of all numbers from 1 to the given number.
Output: For number = 5,
the output will be Factorial of 5 is 120.
Assignment 2:
Sum of Even Numbers
Objective: Create a PHP
script that calculates the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 using a
while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Initialize variables
$sum = 0;
$i = 2; // Start from the
first even number
// Using a while loop to
calculate the sum of even numbers
while ($i <= 100) {
$sum += $i;
// Add the current even number to the sum
$i += 2; //
Move to the next even number
}
// Display the result
echo "The sum of all
even numbers between 1 and 100 is $sum";
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with i = 2 and sum = 0.
Loop: Add i to sum and
increment i by 2 to get the next even number.
Result: The loop
continues until i exceeds 100.
Output: The output will
be The sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100 is 2550.
Assignment 3:
Reverse a Number
Objective: Write a PHP
script that reverses a given number using a do...while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 12345; // You
can replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$reversed = 0;
do {
$digit =
$number % 10; // Extract the last digit
$reversed =
$reversed * 10 + $digit; // Append the digit to the reversed number
$number =
(int)($number / 10); // Remove the last digit from the original number
} while ($number > 0);
// Display the result
echo "The reverse of
the number is $reversed";
?>
Explanation:
Digit Extraction: Use
$number % 10 to get the last digit of the number.
Reversing: Multiply
reversed by 10 and add the extracted digit.
Loop: Continue until all
digits are processed ($number > 0).
Output: For number =
12345, the output will be The reverse of the number is 54321.
Assignment 4: Generate
Fibonacci Sequence
Objective: Write a PHP
script that generates the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence using a for
loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the value of n
$n = 7; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize the first
two Fibonacci numbers
$first = 0;
$second = 1;
// Display the first two
numbers
echo "$first,
$second";
// Using a for loop to
generate the Fibonacci sequence
for ($i = 3; $i <= $n;
$i++) {
$next =
$first + $second; // Calculate the next Fibonacci number
echo
", $next"; // Display the number
// Update
the values of first and second for the next iteration
$first =
$second;
$second =
$next;
}
?>
Explanation:
Initialization: Start
with the first two Fibonacci numbers: 0 and 1.
Loop: Calculate the next
number as the sum of the previous two numbers.
Output: For n = 7, the
output will be 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8.
Assignment 5:
Prime Number Checker
Objective:
Create a PHP script that
checks whether a given number is prime using a while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 13; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$isPrime = true;
$i = 2;
while ($i <=
sqrt($number)) { // Only check up to the square root of the number
if ($number
% $i == 0) {
$isPrime = false; // If divisible, it's not prime
break;
}
$i++;
}
// Display the result
if ($isPrime) {
echo
"$number is a prime number";
} else {
echo
"$number is not a prime number";
}
?>
Explanation:
Prime Check: Check
divisibility from 2 to the square root of the number.
Loop: If a divisor is
found, set $isPrime to false and exit the loop.
Output: For number = 13,
the output will be 13 is a prime number.
Assignment 6:
Multiplication Table for
a Range
Objective: Write a PHP
script that generates multiplication tables for numbers within a given range
using nested for loops.
Code:
y code
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the range
$start = 3; // Start of
the range
$end = 5; // End of the
range
// Outer loop for each
number in the range
for ($i = $start; $i
<= $end; $i++) {
echo
"Multiplication Table for $i:<br>";
//
Inner loop for generating the multiplication table
for ($j =
1; $j <= 10; $j++) {
echo "$i x $j = " . ($i * $j) . "<br>";
}
echo
"<br>"; // Add a line break between tables
}
?>
Explanation:
Outer Loop: Iterate
through each number in the given range.
Inner Loop: Generate the
multiplication table for each number up to 10.
Output: For a range of 3
to 5, the script will output the multiplication tables for 3, 4, and 5.
Assignment 7:
Sum of Digits
Objective: Write a PHP
script that calculates the sum of the digits of a given number using a
do...while loop.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter a number
$number = 123; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Initialize variables
$sum = 0;
do {
$digit =
$number % 10; // Extract the last digit
$sum +=
$digit; // Add the digit to the sum
$number =
(int)($number / 10); // Remove the last digit from the original number
} while ($number > 0);
// Display the result
echo "The sum of the
digits is $sum";
?>
Explanation:
Digit Extraction: Use
$number % 10 to get the last digit of the number.
Summing: Add each
extracted digit to sum.
Loop: Continue until all
digits are processed ($number > 0).
Output: For number = 123,
the output will be The sum of the digits is 6.
Assignment 8:
Pattern Printing
Objective: Create a PHP
script that prints a pyramid pattern using nested for loops.
Code:
<?php
// Prompting the user to
enter the number of rows
$rows = 5; // You can
replace this with dynamic input from the user
// Outer loop for each
row
for ($i = 1; $i <=
$rows; $i++) {
// Print
leading spaces
for ($j =
$i; $j < $rows; $j++) {
echo " "; // Add spaces for alignment
}
// Print
stars
for ($j =
1; $j <= (2 * $i - 1); $j++) {
echo "*";
}
echo
"<br>"; // Move to the next line after each row
}
?>
Explanation:
Outer Loop: Iterate
through each row of the pyramid.
Leading Spaces: Use the
first inner loop to add spaces for alignment.
Stars: Use the second
inner loop to print the stars in each row.
Output: For rows = 5, the
script will print a pyramid pattern like this:
markdown
Copy code
*
***
*****
*******
*********