Lecture Notes On Class 39: Real-World Project

Lecture Notes On Class 39: Real-World Project - Part 1 (Only Concept)

Objective:

To plan and start a real-world PHP project.
To set up the project environment and initial files.

Outcome:

Students will be able to plan and initiate a real-world PHP project.
Students will learn how to set up the development environment and basic project structure.

1. Introduction to Real-World Projects

A real-world project is a full-fledged application or website that mimics the working of a business, service, or organization. It usually includes various functionalities such as user management, data storage, forms, dynamic pages, etc. Building such a project helps students understand how to connect theory with practice and prepare for professional development environments.

2. Project Planning

Before starting to write any code, it’s essential to plan out the project. This stage will define the project’s purpose, structure, and features. A clear plan ensures smooth execution and avoids errors in the development process.

Steps to Plan Your Project:

Define the Purpose and Scope:

What problem does your project solve?
What are the key features of the project?
Who are the users, and what are their needs?

Example: If the project is an Online Store, the purpose is to allow customers to browse products, add them to the cart, and make purchases.

Identify Project Requirements:

Functional Requirements: What features will the application have? For example, user registration, login, product management, order processing, etc.
Non-functional Requirements: Things like performance, security, scalability, and reliability.

Wireframing and UI/UX Design:

Create rough sketches of what the web pages will look like. This is the visual design phase. Tools like Figma or even simple paper sketches can be useful.
Think about how users will interact with the application.

Breakdown Features into Modules:

Break the project down into smaller components, like authentication, product listing, cart, and checkout for an e-commerce website.

Example:

For an E-commerce Website, you may break the project into:

User Authentication (Login, Register, Forgot Password)
Product Management (Add, Edit, View, and Delete Products)
Cart and Order Management (Add to Cart, Checkout, Order Confirmation)

3. Setting Up the Project Environment

Now that the planning phase is done, it's time to set up the environment where the project will be built and run.

Tools and Software Needed:

PHP: A server-side scripting language to handle the application logic.
MySQL: A database management system to store data.
XAMPP/WAMP: These are software packages that install Apache server, MySQL, and PHP all in one. You will use XAMPP or WAMP for local development.
Text Editor/IDE: Code editor like VS Code or PHPStorm will be helpful in writing code efficiently.
Version Control: Using Git will help manage the project code and collaborate if necessary.

Setting Up XAMPP/WAMP:

1. Download and Install XAMPP/WAMP:

o Go to the official website of XAMPP or WAMP and install the appropriate version for your operating system.

2. Start Apache and MySQL Services:

o Open the XAMPP/WAMP control panel and start the Apache and MySQL servers. This allows you to run your PHP code and store data in the database.

3. Create a New Project Directory:

o Inside the htdocs directory (for XAMPP) or the www directory (for WAMP), create a folder for your project (e.g., online-store).

4. Set Up the Database:

o Open phpMyAdmin (accessible via localhost/phpmyadmin) and create a new database for your project (e.g., ecommerce_db).

o Set up tables according to your project’s needs (for example, users, products, orders, etc.).

4. Setting Up Initial Project Files

Once the environment is set up, we will start creating the basic structure of the PHP project.

Basic File Structure:

Here’s a simple structure to get started with:

bash

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/online-store

/assets

/css

/js

/images

/includes

header.php

footer.php

navbar.php

/functions

db.php

auth.php

/pages

home.php

/config

config.php

index.php

assets: Contains the static files like CSS, JavaScript, and images.
includes: Contains reusable parts of your website, like the header, footer, and navigation bar.
functions: Stores PHP scripts that handle database connections, user authentication, etc.
pages: Contains the pages for the website (home, login, register, etc.).
config: Contains configuration files like database connection settings.
index.php: The entry point for your application.

Example: Create the index.php File

php

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<?php

include('includes/header.php');

include('includes/navbar.php');

<h1>Welcome to Our Online Store</h1>

<p>Browse products and make purchases.</p>

<?php

include('includes/footer.php');

5. Next Steps

After setting up the basic structure and environment, the next steps involve implementing functionality:

Setting up the database and creating tables.
Writing functions for user authentication, handling products, and processing orders.
Creating more pages for the website and linking them together.

Conclusion:

In this class, we learned how to plan a real-world PHP project and set up the development environment. We also created the basic structure of our project, including the directory setup and initial files. The next class will focus on building out the individual features of the project.

Key Points:

Always plan before coding.
Set up the environment and structure your project logically.
Divide your project into smaller tasks to make development easier.

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Class 39: Real-World Project - Part 1 (Only Concept)

Objective:

Plan and start a real-world PHP project.
Set up the project environment and create the initial project structure.

Outcome:

Students will be able to plan a real-world PHP project.
Students will understand how to set up a project environment and create the basic structure for their project.

1. Introduction to Real-World Projects

A real-world project is a software application that serves a specific function or solves a particular problem, designed for practical use. These projects are not just exercises but are designed to have real-life value and functionality.

Why Work on a Real-World Project?

Application of Theory: Helps to apply the knowledge gained in previous classes to a real-world context.
Portfolio Development: A well-developed project can be added to a student's portfolio.
Industry Readiness: Prepares students for the kind of work they will do in the industry.

2. Project Planning

Planning a real-world PHP project is essential to ensure that the development process is smooth and effective. A good plan breaks down the tasks into smaller, manageable pieces and sets clear goals for each phase of the project.

Steps to Plan Your Project:

1. Define the Project’s Purpose:

o What problem does your project solve?

o Example: If you are building an Online Store, the problem you're solving is providing a platform for customers to browse and purchase products online.

2. Define the Scope:

o What features will the project have?

o Example: For an e-commerce site, the features might include user registration, product browsing, cart management, and checkout.

3. Identify Target Users:

o Who will use your application? Are you building it for customers, admins, or both?

o Example: The online store will have two types of users: customers and store administrators.

4. Create Functional Requirements:

o What are the core functions that your application must perform? These are usually tied to user stories or business needs.

o Example: In an e-commerce site:

§ User Story 1: As a customer, I want to be able to view available products.

§ User Story 2: As an admin, I want to be able to add new products to the catalog.

5. Create Non-Functional Requirements:

o These relate to the overall performance, scalability, security, etc.

o Example: The application should be able to handle 1,000 simultaneous users, and it should secure user data with encryption.

6. Wireframing and UI Design:

o Before jumping into coding, it's helpful to sketch how the website will look. Wireframes are simple designs that map out how each page will look.

o Tools like Figma, Sketch, or even simple paper sketches can be used.

Example wireframe for the Home Page might have:

o Header with a logo and navigation

o Product sections with images, prices, and descriptions

o Footer with contact information and links.

7. Breakdown the Project into Modules:

o Organize the project into smaller, independent parts to make development easier.

o Example for an E-commerce Store:

§ User Authentication Module: Handles login, registration, and password management.

§ Product Management Module: Handles adding, updating, and deleting products.

§ Order Management Module: Manages the cart, checkout, and order history.

§ Admin Dashboard: Allows admins to view orders, users, and products.

3. Setting Up the Project Environment

Setting up the development environment is crucial for a smooth coding experience. Here’s how you can do that:

Tools and Software Needed:

1. PHP: PHP is the core language for developing server-side logic. We will use PHP to build the application’s dynamic features.

2. MySQL: MySQL will be used to store data like user accounts, products, and orders.

3. XAMPP/WAMP: These are software bundles that include Apache (for hosting your PHP files) and MySQL (for the database) along with PHP. We’ll use either of these tools to create a local server for testing our project.

o XAMPP: A popular tool that works on multiple platforms (Windows, Linux, macOS).

o WAMP: Works on Windows only, with Apache, MySQL, and PHP pre-installed.

4. Text Editor/IDE: You’ll need a code editor to write your PHP and HTML code. Some popular editors are:

o VS Code: A free and highly customizable code editor.

o PHPStorm: An advanced IDE for PHP development.

5. Version Control: Use Git for version control, which helps track changes in your code, collaborate with others, and manage different versions of your project.

4. Setting Up XAMPP/WAMP

1. Download and Install XAMPP/WAMP:

o Go to XAMPP's website or WAMP’s website and download the installer for your OS.

o Follow the installation instructions provided on the website.

2. Start Apache and MySQL Services:

o Open the XAMPP/WAMP control panel.

o Start the Apache service (for running your PHP code) and the MySQL service (for running the database).

3. Create a Project Directory:

o Inside the htdocs folder (for XAMPP) or the www folder (for WAMP), create a new folder for your project, e.g., online-store.

o This folder will hold all your PHP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files.

4. Create the Database:

o Open phpMyAdmin by navigating to http://localhost/phpmyadmin/.

o Create a new database (e.g., ecommerce_db).

o Create tables for your project (e.g., users, products, orders, etc.).

5. Setting Up the Initial Project Files

Once the environment is ready, create the basic file structure for your project. This will give you a clear directory structure to work with, making it easier to manage files.

Example Project Structure:

bash

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/online-store

/assets

/css

/js

/images

/includes

header.php

footer.php

navbar.php

/functions

db.php

auth.php

/pages

home.php

/config

config.php

index.php

assets/: Contains static files like CSS, JavaScript, and images. The css/ folder contains stylesheets, the js/ folder holds scripts, and images/ stores image files.
includes/: This folder contains reusable code snippets such as the header, footer, and navbar that will be included on multiple pages.
functions/: Holds PHP functions for database connection (db.php), authentication (auth.php), etc.
pages/: The actual pages of your website (e.g., home.php, login.php).
config/: Configuration files like database connection settings, API keys, or other constants.
index.php: This is the main entry point for the application.

6. Creating the Initial Files

Start by creating your first PHP files:

index.php

php

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<?php

include('includes/header.php');

include('includes/navbar.php');

<h1>Welcome to Our Online Store</h1>

<p>Browse products, add to cart, and make purchases.</p>

<?php

include('includes/footer.php');

header.php: Contains meta tags, CSS links, and the opening <body> tag.
navbar.php: Contains the navigation menu (Home, Products, Login, etc.).
footer.php: Contains the footer content, including closing tags for </body> and </html>.

7. Conclusion and Next Steps

In this class, we covered the essential steps to plan and initiate a real-world PHP project. You learned about:

Planning the project, including defining features, user stories, and non-functional requirements.
Setting up a local development environment with XAMPP/WAMP.
Organizing your project structure with a clear directory and file setup.

In the next class, we will dive into setting up the database, writing functions for user authentication, and building out the first major features of the project.

Key Takeaways:

Planning is a crucial step before writing code.
Set up your development environment (XAMPP/WAMP).
Use Git for version control and phpMyAdmin for managing your database.
Organize your files and folders logically to make development easier.

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You said:

Give codes of all file

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here’s the code for the basic structure of the PHP project mentioned above, with the necessary files and code to get started on your real-world PHP project. This will set up a simple Online Store project with the basic file structure and content.

1. Project Directory Structure

bash

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/online-store

/assets

/css

style.css

/js

script.js

/images

(image files here)

/includes

header.php

footer.php

navbar.php

/functions

db.php

auth.php

/pages

home.php

/config

config.php

index.php

2. File Contents

2.1 index.php

This is the main entry point of your application. It includes the header, navbar, and footer.

php

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<?php

include('includes/header.php');

include('includes/navbar.php');

<h1>Welcome to Our Online Store</h1>

<p>Browse products, add to cart, and make purchases.</p>

<?php

include('includes/footer.php');

2.2 includes/header.php

This file contains the HTML <head> section, linking to your CSS styles and meta tags.

php

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Online Store</title>

</head>

<body>

2.3 includes/navbar.php

This file contains the navigation menu for your website.

php

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<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="pages/products.php">Products</a></li>

<li><a href="pages/login.php">Login</a></li>

<li><a href="pages/register.php">Register</a></li>

</ul>

</nav>

2.4 includes/footer.php

This file contains the footer content, including closing tags for the page.

php

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</footer>

</body>

</html>

2.5 assets/css/style.css

The CSS file for basic styling. You can expand it as needed.

css

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body {

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

background-color: #f4f4f4;

}

h1 {

color: #333;

}

nav ul {

list-style-type: none;

background-color: #333;

padding: 10px;

margin: 0;

}

nav ul li {

display: inline;

margin-right: 10px;

}

nav ul li a {

color: white;

text-decoration: none;

}

footer {

text-align: center;

background-color: #333;

color: white;

padding: 10px;

position: absolute;

width: 100%;

bottom: 0;

}

2.6 functions/db.php

This file contains the database connection logic using MySQLi or PDO.

php

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<?php

$host = 'localhost';

$dbname = 'ecommerce_db';

$username = 'root'; // Default MySQL username for XAMPP/WAMP

$password = ''; // Default MySQL password for XAMPP/WAMP

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($host, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

2.7 functions/auth.php

This file can contain functions related to user authentication, such as login and registration.

php

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<?php

include('db.php');

function registerUser($name, $email, $password) {

global $conn;

$passwordHash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);

$sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email, password) VALUES ('$name', '$email', '$passwordHash')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

return true;

} else {

return false;

}

function loginUser($email, $password) {

global $conn;

$sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email='$email'";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

$user = $result->fetch_assoc();

if (password_verify($password, $user['password'])) {

return true;

}

return false;

}

2.8 pages/home.php

This is a simple home page that you might want to expand later.

php

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<?php

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

<h2>Welcome to the Home Page</h2>

<p>Here you can browse products and manage your cart.</p>

<?php

include('../includes/footer.php');

2.9 pages/login.php

php

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<?php

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

<h2>Login</h2>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

<button type="submit">Login</button>

</form>

<?php

include('../includes/footer.php');

2.10 pages/register.php

Registration form for new users.

php

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<?php

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

<h2>Register</h2>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

<button type="submit">Register</button>

</form>

<?php

include('../includes/footer.php');

3. Database Setup

In phpMyAdmin, create a database named ecommerce_db and add the following tables:

Users Table

sql

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CREATE TABLE users (

id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,

password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,

created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

);

Products Table (Example)

sql

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CREATE TABLE products (

id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

description TEXT,

price DECIMAL(10,2),

image VARCHAR(255),

created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

);

4. Next Steps

Implement the login and registration process.
Create a product listing page (products.php).
Add features like shopping cart, product filtering, checkout, etc.
Add validation, session management, and security practices for a more robust application.

With these files, you've set up a basic foundation for an Online Store project. You can now start adding more features and functionalities, such as product browsing, user login, product management by admins, and more.

4o mini

You said:

continue

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Continuing from where we left off, here’s how you can expand on the foundation of the Online Store project, with further enhancements like product listing, cart functionality, and admin panel management.

5. Enhancing the Project: Product Listing, Cart, and Admin Panel

5.1 Product Listing Page (products.php)

Create a page to display products for customers to browse.

php

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<?php

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

include('../functions/db.php');

$sql = "SELECT * FROM products";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

echo "<h2>Our Products</h2>";

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

echo "<div class='product-list'>";

while ($product = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

echo "<div class='product-item'>

<h3>{$product['name']}</h3>

<p>{$product['description']}</p>

<p>Price: $ {$product['price']}</p>

</div>";

}

echo "</div>";

} else {

echo "<p>No products available.</p>";

}

include('../includes/footer.php');

5.2 Add to Cart (add_to_cart.php)

This script adds products to the shopping cart. For simplicity, we will use PHP sessions to track cart items.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../functions/db.php');

if (isset($_GET['product_id'])) {

$product_id = $_GET['product_id'];

// Check if product already exists in the cart

if (!isset($_SESSION['cart'])) {

$_SESSION['cart'] = [];

}

// Add product to cart

if (!in_array($product_id, $_SESSION['cart'])) {

$_SESSION['cart'][] = $product_id;

}

// Redirect to the cart page

header('Location: cart.php');

}

5.3 Shopping Cart (cart.php)

The shopping cart page displays the products added to the cart.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

include('../functions/db.php');

if (isset($_SESSION['cart'])) {

echo "<h2>Your Shopping Cart</h2>";

$totalPrice = 0;

echo "<div class='cart-items'>";

foreach ($_SESSION['cart'] as $product_id) {

$sql = "SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = $product_id";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

$product = $result->fetch_assoc();

echo "<div class='cart-item'>

<h3>{$product['name']}</h3>

<p>Price: $ {$product['price']}</p>

</div>";

$totalPrice += $product['price'];

}

echo "</div>";

echo "<p>Total Price: $ $totalPrice</p>";

} else {

echo "<p>Your cart is empty.</p>";

}

include('../includes/footer.php');

5.4 Checkout Process (checkout.php)

You can extend the project by implementing the checkout process. This example assumes basic functionality for a checkout page.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

include('../functions/db.php');

if (isset($_SESSION['cart']) && count($_SESSION['cart']) > 0) {

echo "<h2>Checkout</h2>";

// Here you can implement form for entering shipping details, payment options, etc.

echo "<form action='process_checkout.php' method='POST'>

<label for='address'>Shipping Address:</label><br>

<button type='submit'>Place Order</button>

</form>";

} else {

echo "<p>Your cart is empty. Add products to your cart to proceed to checkout.</p>";

}

include('../includes/footer.php');

5.5 Processing Checkout (process_checkout.php)

This is a simple backend script to handle the checkout process, where you could add payment processing and order submission.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../functions/db.php');

if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST' && isset($_SESSION['cart']) && count($_SESSION['cart']) > 0) {

$address = $_POST['address'];

$user_id = 1; // Assuming a logged-in user, you would replace this with actual user session data.

// Insert order into the orders table

$sql = "INSERT INTO orders (user_id, address) VALUES ($user_id, '$address')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

$order_id = $conn->insert_id;

// Insert each cart item into the order_items table

foreach ($_SESSION['cart'] as $product_id) {

$sql = "INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, product_id) VALUES ($order_id, $product_id)";

$conn->query($sql);

}

// Clear the cart after order is placed

unset($_SESSION['cart']);

echo "<p>Order placed successfully. Thank you for your purchase!</p>";

} else {

echo "<p>There was an error placing your order. Please try again.</p>";

}

} else {

echo "<p>No items in your cart to checkout.</p>";

}

5.6 Admin Panel for Product Management (admin/products.php)

Admins can add, edit, and delete products. Here’s a basic admin panel for product management.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

include('../functions/db.php');

// Check if user is an admin (you would need to add role management logic for this)

if ($_SESSION['role'] != 'admin') {

echo "<p>Access denied. Only admins can view this page.</p>";

exit;

}

$sql = "SELECT * FROM products";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

echo "<h2>Manage Products</h2>";

echo "<a href='add_product.php'>Add New Product</a>";

echo "<table>";

echo "<tr><th>Name</th><th>Price</th><th>Action</th></tr>";

while ($product = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

echo "<tr>

<td>{$product['name']}</td>

<td>{$product['price']}</td>

<td>

<a href='edit_product.php?id={$product['id']}'>Edit</a> |

<a href='delete_product.php?id={$product['id']}'>Delete</a>

</td>

</tr>";

}

echo "</table>";

include('../includes/footer.php');

5.7 Add Product (add_product.php)

Admin panel page to add new products.

php

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<?php

session_start();

include('../includes/header.php');

include('../includes/navbar.php');

include('../functions/db.php');

// Check if user is an admin

if ($_SESSION['role'] != 'admin') {

echo "<p>Access denied. Only admins can view this page.</p>";

exit;

}

if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {

$name = $_POST['name'];

$description = $_POST['description'];

$price = $_POST['price'];

$image = $_FILES['image']['name'];

// Move the uploaded image to the assets folder

move_uploaded_file($_FILES['image']['tmp_name'], "../assets/images/" . $image);

$sql = "INSERT INTO products (name, description, price, image) VALUES ('$name', '$description', '$price', '$image')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "<p>Product added successfully.</p>";

} else {

echo "<p>Error adding product: " . $conn->error . "</p>";

}

<h2>Add New Product</h2>

<label for="name">Product Name:</label>

<label for="description">Description:</label>

<label for="price">Price:</label>

<label for="image">Product Image:</label>

<button type="submit">Add Product</button>

</form>

<?php

include('../includes/footer.php');

6. Database Tables for New Features

You need additional tables for orders and order items to store the orders placed by users.

Orders Table

sql

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CREATE TABLE orders (

id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,

user_id INT,

address TEXT,

created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

);

Order Items Table

sql

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CREATE TABLE order_items (

id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,

order_id INT,

product_id INT,

FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES orders(id),

FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(id)

);

7. Final Steps and Testing

Testing: You should thoroughly test the checkout process, add-to-cart functionality, and admin panels for adding and editing products.
Security: Ensure user input is sanitized to prevent SQL injection, use proper authentication for admin access, and add additional security measures like session management.

By following this step-by-step structure, you can significantly expand the functionality of your Online Store, adding crucial features like product browsing, shopping carts, checkout, and administrative management for products.

Lecture Notes On Class 39: Real-World Project - Part 1 (Only Concept)

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